What are the possible C-section complications?

Are you expecting a baby and curious about how your delivery might unfold? First, congratulations, mama-to-be! When it comes to childbirth, there are two main delivery methods: vaginal birth and Caesarean section, commonly called a C-section.

A C-section is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. During this operation, an incision is made in your lower abdomen and uterus to bring your baby into the world safely. Healthcare providers may recommend a C-section to avoid complications or for specific medical reasons. When planned ahead of time, this is called an elective C-section.

Sometimes, however, an emergency C-section may be necessary. This can happen if you intend to have a vaginal birth but complications arise during labour or near your due date. In such situations, your healthcare team will perform the surgery to ensure your and your baby's safety.

Emergency C-sections may be required for a variety of reasons, such as:

• Prolonged labour that isn’t progressing despite medical assistance

• Signs of distress in your baby (heart rate lowers)

• Your baby is feet or bottom first (breech position) or lying sideways across your uterus (transverse lie)

• Placental complications or severe conditions like preeclampsia, eclampsia, or certain infections

In some cases, issues like the position of your baby or placenta can be identified earlier. Therefore, your healthcare team can prepare for a C-section before labour begins.

If you’ve had a C-section before, your doctor may recommend another one for subsequent deliveries, often as an elective procedure. C-sections are also a safe option for delivering twins, triplets, or multiples. Rest assured, whether planned or done in an emergency, C-sections are common, safe, and typically take around 45 minutes to an hour to complete.

To deliver your baby into the world, you have two options: vaginal birth and caesarean section. In a vaginal birth or natural birth, your baby is delivered through the birth canal, your vagina. While in a C-section, your baby is delivered through a surgical incision made in your lower abdomen.

Because a C-section involves surgery, it usually leaves a scar. Usually, the scar's visibility is minimal, but it depends on how your body heals. Recovery after a caesarean section can also cause a little more discomfort and take a bit longer compared to vaginal birth. That is, of course, because you are recovering from surgery in your lower belly.

However, vaginal births aren’t completely free of challenges either. They can sometimes involve tearing or an episiotomy (a small cut made to ease delivery), both of which also require healing, though the process is generally less invasive.

Both options come with their own advantages and risks. Your healthcare provider will help you decide the best delivery method based on your health and your baby’s needs, ensuring the safest outcome for both of you.

What differentiates a planned caesarean from an emergency one are the timing and circumstances in which it happens.

A planned C-section, also known as an elective C-section, is scheduled in advance during your pregnancy. This decision is made according to your specific health factors: your baby’s position, whether you had a previous C-section or certain medical conditions. In some cases, you may choose this option for other reasons. Since the procedure is planned, a delivery date and time are set. This means that your healthcare team can prepare thoroughly, and you can plan with your partner and loved ones for them to be present at the hospital or clinic. You may also need to fast beforehand, and you can make arrangements for childcare and other responsibilities in advance.

An emergency C-section, on the other hand, happens when unexpected complications arise during labour or delivery that require immediate medical action. This type of C-section is performed quickly to address any urgent risks to your or your baby’s health. While an emergency C-section can feel sudden and overwhelming, it’s important to know that this procedure is very safe. Medical teams are highly trained to handle such situations efficiently, ensuring the best outcome for you and your baby.

Whether your C-section is planned or unplanned, the priority is always your safety and the safe arrival of your little one!

Like any medical procedure, a C-section has its advantages and disadvantages. Here is what you need to know to feel comfortable on delivery day.

A caesarean section brings a few things to the table:

• It can help prevent complications for you that might arise from prolonged labour, fetal distress, or delivering a larger-than-average baby.

• It can be a safer option for your baby, especially in situations where a vaginal delivery could pose risks—such as a breech position or foetal distress.

But, as with any surgery, it also carries a few risks: 

• Recovery takes longer and may be a bit more uncomfortable compared to a vaginal birth. You might need to stay in the hospital for 3–4 days and take several weeks to heal fully at home.

• Potential risks include infections, blood clots, and possible reactions to anaesthesia.

• It may increase the likelihood of needing one for your next pregnancy.

Your healthcare provider will help you weigh these factors based on your situation, ensuring the safest and most comfortable delivery for you and your baby.

It’s completely normal to feel a bit anxious about a C-section. Understanding what happens during the procedure can help you feel more prepared and reassured. Let’s break it down step by step.

• Preparation before the operation

Before the planned surgery, there are several steps to get you ready. You’ll usually need to fast for 6–8 hours and may undergo routine blood tests. These steps ensure your body is ready for the procedure.

Your medical team will review your history and request your consent. They’ll clean and, if necessary, shave your abdominal area. Next, you’ll receive anaesthesia, most commonly a spinal block or epidural. These keep you comfortable while allowing you to stay awake for your baby’s birth. In emergency cases, general anaesthesia may be used for a quicker start.

If your C-section is unplanned, the preparation may be faster. Tests and reviews will happen quickly, and consent may be obtained verbally. In emergencies, the healthcare team acts swiftly to ensure your safety and your baby's.

• The caesarean surgery

Once you’re prepared, the procedure begins in the operating room. In most cases, your partner can join you, staying near your head behind a curtain. They can offer comfort and share the special moment of your baby’s birth. They may need to wait outside until you’re stable in urgent situations.

On the operating table, the surgeon makes an incision, typically a horizontal “bikini cut” just above your pubic hairline. Sometimes, a vertical incision is necessary, depending on the circumstances. The surgeon gently opens the uterus, and you might feel some tugging or pressure (but no pain). Your baby is delivered, and the umbilical cord is cut. Afterwards, the placenta is removed, and the surgeon closes the incisions with stitches or staples.

The surgery usually takes about 45 minutes to an hour. If your baby needs extra care, they may be taken to the neonatal care unit (NICU). While this can be worrying, it’s a standard step to ensure your little one receives the best care. You’ll be reunited as soon as it’s safe.

• Care after the operation

After surgery, you’ll be moved to a recovery room, where you’ll be closely monitored. Medical staff will check your vital signs, manage your pain, and ensure your uterus is contracting properly to minimise bleeding. If your baby is with you, this is a great time to begin breastfeeding or bonding. If they’re in the NICU, they’ll join you once both of you are stable. Once you’re ready, you’ll move to a postpartum room to continue healing and begin your journey as a mum to this newborn!

A C-section might sound complex, but it’s a routine procedure that many mothers go through safely. With your medical team by your side, you’re in expert hands. Soon, you’ll hold your precious little one and start your beautiful journey together!

The right anaesthesia is an important part of your comfort and safety during a C-section. There are three main types: spinal, epidural, and general anaesthesia. Each serves a different purpose, depending on the situation.

• Spinal anaesthesia is a regional or local anaesthesia, which means it only numbs a part of your body, and you stay conscious and alert to witness your baby’s birth. It involves a single injection of anaesthetic into your lower back with a special needle. It works quickly, numbing your body from the chest down, and is commonly used for planned C-sections.

• Epidural anaesthesia is similar to spinal anaesthesia but works slightly differently. Instead of a single injection, a small catheter is inserted into your back, which provides a continuous supply of anaesthetic. This is often used during labour when there’s a possibility of transitioning to an emergency C-section. With an epidural, you’ll also be awake and able to bond with your baby immediately after birth.

• General anaesthesia puts you completely to sleep. It is reserved for urgent situations, when a rapid delivery is needed, or if spinal or epidural anaesthesia isn’t suitable for medical reasons. While you won’t be awake to witness your baby’s birth, your healthcare team will ensure you and your little one are safe throughout the procedure.

All anaesthesia options are safe for you and your baby. Your healthcare provider will recommend the most appropriate type based on your medical history, the urgency of the procedure, and your preferences. No matter which option is used, the focus is always on ensuring a safe and comfortable delivery for both you and your baby.

Please, future mama, do not worry; you already have enough to think about: C-sections are common and safe procedures. Most mothers and babies recover very well. However, as with any surgery, there are some potential complications to be aware of.

Infections can sometimes develop, particularly around the incision site, in the uterus, or in the urinary tract. Watch for signs of fever, redness, or unusual swelling. Your healthcare team will monitor you closely and provide treatment promptly if needed to ensure proper healing.

There is a slightly higher risk of blood clots, particularly in the legs. This condition, called deep vein thrombosis (DVT), can be managed and often prevented by moving around gently as soon as you feel ready after surgery. Your doctor may also prescribe medication to reduce this risk further.

In rare cases, scar tissue may form inside the body after a C-section. This tissue, known as adhesions, can sometimes lead to discomfort or complications in future pregnancies. Your medical team will monitor this closely, especially if you’ve had previous surgeries.

Excessive bleeding (haemorrhage) can occur during or after a C-section, but it’s something your medical team is well-prepared to handle. They will take all necessary steps to manage and control any bleeding quickly and effectively.

Anaesthesia used during a C-section is very safe, but mild side effects like nausea or shivering can occasionally happen. Severe reactions are rare, and your anaesthetist will be by your side throughout the procedure to ensure your comfort and safety.

Your healthcare team’s top priority is your safety and your baby's wellbeing. They are trained to handle these potential risks with expertise. Any complications are managed quickly and effectively. Open communication is important: don’t hesitate to discuss any concerns or questions with your doctor.